Kidney stones are hard deposits that form when certain substances in the urine become concentrated enough to crystallize. Some stones pass on their own, while others need a procedure. Medical evaluation can help determine the stone’s size, location and likely cause.
What symptoms can kidney stones cause?
Typical symptoms can include sudden severe pain in the side or back that may move toward the lower abdomen or groin, blood in the urine, nausea or vomiting, and urinary discomfort. Very small stones may sometimes cause little or no pain.
When is urgent care needed?
Seek prompt medical attention for stone symptoms with fever or chills, inability to pass urine, persistent vomiting, severe uncontrolled pain, pregnancy, a single functioning kidney, or significant weakness or illness. An obstructed infected urinary system can be an emergency.
Why do some people get stones repeatedly?
Recurrence may be influenced by low fluid intake, diet, urine chemistry, infections, metabolic conditions, medicines, anatomy and family history. In recurrent stone formers, your clinician may recommend blood tests, urine studies, stone analysis or imaging.
Can stones be prevented?
Many patients benefit from adequate fluid intake, but the right amount depends on individual health, especially in people with heart or advanced kidney disease. Diet advice should be based on the type of stone and urine results rather than simply avoiding all calcium or all high-oxalate foods.
Medical follow-up matters
Prevention is more effective when the likely stone type and risk factors are understood. A personalized plan may include fluid goals, dietary changes and medicines when appropriate.
Trusted patient education sources
This guide is written in patient-friendly language using established kidney education principles from the U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and, for dialysis access, the National Kidney Foundation. It is not a substitute for personal medical advice.